Cancer is a complicated disease that affects millions of people around the world. Today, doctors have more tools than ever to help catch cancer early, treat it more precisely and improve quality of life during and after treatment. Understanding how cancer works — what causes it, how to lower your risk and what your options are — can make a big difference. When it comes to making decisions about your health or supporting a friend, family member, or family member, the more you know, the more confident and prepared you can feel. How does cancer work? Cancer happens when cells start growing and dividing out of control instead of dying off like they should. These abnormal cells can begin anywhere in the body, forming tumors that can invade tissues and organs, and sometimes spread to other parts of the body. Many causes of cancer include:
Genetic Factors: Mutations in genes, such as BRCA1 or BRCA2, can increase cancer risk. Some are inherited, while others occur spontaneously.
Lifestyle Factors: A poor diet high in processed foods and fats, excessive alcohol consumption, and tobacco use are major contributors. Environmental Exposures: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, air pollution, asbestos and certain chemicals are known carcinogens.
Infections: Viruses like human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B or C can trigger cancers such as cervical or liver cancer.
Types of Cancer
Cancer isn’t just one disease — it’s a group of over 100 conditions, each classified by the tissue or organ where it begins.
Common types include:
Carcinomas: Cancers in the skin or in tissues that line organs like the breast, lungs or colon
Cancers of the body’s connective tissues, such as bones or muscles, are called sarcomas. Leukemias: Cancers of the blood
Lymphomas: Cancers of the body’s infection-fighting system
Cancers of the Central Nervous System: Tumors of the brain or spinal cord Each type of cancer has unique characteristics and requires a tailored diagnostic and treatment approach.
Diet and the role of risk factors in prevention Risk Factors
Although some risk factors cannot be changed, many lifestyle choices can lower the risk of developing cancer. This starts with understanding controllable and uncontrollable factors:
Modifiable Risks: Smoking, excessive alcohol, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and ultraviolet exposure
Non-Modifiable Risks: Age (risk increases after 50), family history and certain genetic predispositions
Risks to the environment: Long-term exposure to pollutants or chemicals in the workplace Can Certain Diets Prevent Cancer?
While no diet guarantees cancer prevention, evidence suggests certain dietary patterns can lower risks:
Diets rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains provide antioxidants and fiber that may reduce colorectal and breast cancer risk.
Some studies suggest that reducing red meat and increasing plant-based protein can also decrease cancer risk.
A balanced diet combined with regular exercise is key.
Screenings and ages recommended for early detection Screenings catch cancer before symptoms appear, improving survival rates. Bayhealth recommends:
Breast Cancer: Mammograms every 1–2 years for women starting at age 40 (or earlier with family history).
Colonoscopies should be performed every ten years for colorectal cancer starting at age 45, or earlier in high-risk individuals. PSA testing is recommended for men with prostate cancer beginning at age 50 (or 45 for African Americans and those with a family history). Lung Cancer: Low-dose CT scans for high-risk individuals (e.g., heavy smokers) aged 50–80.
Cervical cancer: Pap smears every three years for women between the ages of 21 and 65, or HPV testing every five years after 30. Skin Cancer: Regular skin checks, especially for those with fair skin or frequent sun exposure.
Consult your healthcare provider to personalize screening schedules based on risk factors.
Diagnosis: How Is Cancer Diagnosed?
Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for effective treatment and better outcomes. Cancer diagnosis often begins with symptoms or routine screenings and involves several steps:
Physical examinations: Doctors look for lumps, growths that aren’t right, or other symptoms. Imaging Tests: X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, PET scans or ultrasounds visualize tumors.
Biopsies: A tissue sample is analyzed to confirm cancer and determine its type and stage.
Blood Tests and Genetic Testing: To identify any cancer markers or mutations that guide treatment, especially for breast or ovarian cancer.
Treatment and Therapies: Standard and Emerging Options
There are many treatment options for cancer. The type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient’s age, health, and preferences, determine the best course of action. Common treatments include:
Surgery: Removes tumors, often used in early stages.
Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body.
Radiation Therapy: Targets tumors with focused high-energy rays.
Immunotherapy: Helps the immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy: Focuses on specific changes or mutations in cancer cells, reducing harm to destroy the cancer cells.
Coping: Supporting Loved Ones with Cancer
Supporting someone through cancer can be challenging, but small acts of kindness make a big difference. You can help by:
Being present and listening without judgment
Helping with errands or transportation to appointments
Encouraging rest and self-care
Joining a support group together (Bayhealth offers local groups for patients and families to share experiences).
acquiring more information about their diagnosis so that you can provide support based on accurate information Small gestures, like sending encouraging notes or spending quality time, can also make a big difference.
A Path Forward
Cancer is complex, but understanding its causes, types, and management options can help make a difference when it comes to health decisions. With advances in prevention, early detection and care, there are more ways than ever to stay informed and prepared.
